Topic revision

PACE Codes
for the National Investigators' Exam

Part 1 of the police NIE syllabus spends four chapters on the PACE Codes: searching premises (Code B), detention and treatment (Code C), identification (Code D) and interviews (Code C with Codes E and F). This page sets out the rules a trainee investigator is most likely to be asked to apply, with the section and paragraph numbers we checked against the current Act and Codes, a table of who authorises what, the traps, five original worked questions and scenarios.

Independent information, not advice · Sources checked 11 October 2026 · England and Wales unless stated

Short answer: what do you need to know about the PACE Codes for the NIE?

Know the detention clock (24 hours from the relevant time; superintendent to 36 hours for an indictable offence after the second review; magistrates up to 96 hours), the reviews (6 hours, then every 9), who can delay rights (inspector for having someone told, superintendent for a solicitor, both indictable only and never past 36 hours), both cautions and when the shorter one applies, the Code C rules on interviews and vulnerable suspects, when Code D requires an identification procedure and who runs it, the Code B warrant and consent rules, and the s.17, s.18 and s.32 entry powers. The College says where the Manual refers to a Code paragraph you are expected to know it.

The PACE Codes in the NIE at a glance

The National Investigators' Exam is 80 multiple-choice questions in two hours, scored on 70 after the College removes the ten questions that performed least well. The syllabus is Parts 1 to 4 of Blackstone's Police Investigators' Manual 2026, and the PACE Codes sit in Part 1. If you are sitting on Tuesday, 17 November 2026, these four chapters are worth more of your time than their page count suggests, because the same rules turn up as the backdrop to offence questions too. For the wider part, see the NIE Part 1 overview.

Which Code covers what
Code	Covers	Version in force (11 October 2026)	NIE syllabus heading
Code B	Searching premises and seizing property: warrant applications, entry without warrant, consent searches, conduct of searches, seizure, records	2023 version, from 20 December 2023	Syllabus 1.6
Code C	Detention, treatment and questioning: custody officer duties, rights, conditions, reviews, charging, intimate and strip searches, vulnerable people, cautions and interviews	2023 version, from 20 December 2023	Syllabus 1.7 and 1.9
Code D	Identification: eye-witness procedures (video ID, parade, group ID, confrontation, photographs), fingerprints, footwear, photographs and samples	2023 version, from 20 December 2023	Syllabus 1.8
Code E	Audio recording of interviews with suspects	2018 version, interviews from 31 July 2018	Syllabus 1.9
Code F	Visual recording with sound of interviews with suspects	2018 version, interviews from 31 July 2018	Syllabus 1.9

Codes not on the NIE list

Code A (stop and search), Code G (arrest) and Code H (terrorism detention) do not have their own NIE syllabus headings in the 2026 handbook. Code C still refers to Code G, for example on telling a person the grounds for arrest and cautioning on arrest (Code C 10.3 and 10.4), so know those cross-references.

Which versions of the Codes apply

The Home Office PACE page (last updated 20 December 2023, checked 11 October 2026) lists these as the current versions. We read each PDF.

Code B 2023 applies to warrant applications made, and searches and seizures taking place, after 00:00 on 20 December 2023.
Code C 2023 applies to people in police detention after 00:00 on 20 December 2023, even if their detention began earlier.
Code D 2023 applies to identification procedures carried out after 00:00 on 20 December 2023.
Codes E and F 2018 apply to interviews carried out after 00:00 on 31 July 2018.

The handbook says candidates are examined on the law and procedure only as it appears in the 2026 edition of the Manual, and that later changes are examined only in exceptional circumstances with prior notice from the College. If a Code is revised before your sitting, check the College's NIE page and your force NIE liaison contact rather than assuming the new text is examinable.

How the Codes are tested

Two lines in the College's 2026 candidate handbook decide how to revise this material. First, the exam does not test pure recall of information that sits only in the Manual's tables. Second, where the Manual's text directly refers to a paragraph of a PACE Code, candidates are expected to know that provision.

In practice that means short scenarios where you have to apply a rule: is this an interview, is a caution needed, who can authorise this, has the time limit passed, must an identification procedure be held. The worked questions below are written in that style. They are our own, written from the Act and the Codes, and are not real or recalled exam questions.

Do not swap the Manual for this page

The Manual is the syllabus and the only resource the College endorses. We have not reproduced its text. Use this page to test whether you can apply what the Manual says, and where the two ever differ, the Manual edition for your sitting governs the exam.

Code B: search warrants and conducting searches

Code B covers searches of premises and seizure of property found on people or premises. A search warrant under s.8 PACE is issued by a justice of the peace for evidence of an indictable offence. Most exam traps are about authority, timing and the limits of the search.

Warrant rules to know
Point	Rule	Source
Who authorises the application (s.8 or Sch 1 warrant)	Signed written authority of an inspector or above; in an urgent application to a JP, the next most senior officer on duty if no inspector is readily available	Code B 3.4(a)
Terrorism Act Sch 5 or National Security Act 2023 Sch 2 applications to a judge	Superintendent or above	Code B 3.4(b)
Time limit to execute	Within three months of issue (or any shorter period in the enabling Act)	s.16(3); Code B 6.1
Time of day	At a reasonable hour, unless that might frustrate the purpose of the search	s.16(4); Code B 6.2
Multiple-entry warrant, second or later entry	Prior written authority of an inspector (Code B adds: not involved in the investigation)	s.16(3B); Code B 6.3A
All premises warrant, premises not named in it	Written authority of an inspector or above	s.16(3A)
How far the search may go	Only to the extent necessary for the purpose; it stops once the things in the warrant are found or the officer is satisfied they are not there	Code B 6.9 to 6.9B
Return of the warrant	Within three months of issue, or sooner when the search is complete	Code B 8.3

Conducting the search

Communicate first. The officer in charge of the search first tries to speak to the occupier, explain the authority and ask to be let in, unless the premises are unoccupied, the occupier and anyone else entitled to grant access are absent, or alerting them would frustrate the search or endanger people (6.4).
Force. Reasonable and proportionate force may be used if necessary to enter (6.6).
Extent. Only to the extent necessary for the purpose (6.9). A warrant search stops once everything specified has been found (6.9A), and any search stops when the officer in charge is satisfied what is sought is not there (6.9B).
Witness. A friend, neighbour or other person must be allowed to witness the search if the occupier wishes, unless that would seriously hinder the investigation or endanger people; the search need not be unreasonably delayed (6.11).
Questions during the search. No caution is needed for questions solely for the proper conduct of the search, for example asking for keys (6.12, and Code C 10.1(c)).
Seizure and privilege. Items reasonably believed to be subject to legal privilege may not be seized (7.2), other than under the Criminal Justice and Police Act 2001 seize and sift powers (7.3, 7.7).
After the search. The warrant is endorsed with what was found and seized, when, the occupier and the officers (8.2), and returned within three months or sooner on completion (8.3). A search register is kept at each sub-divisional or equivalent station (9.1).

Acting ranks

Where Code B requires the prior authority of an inspector or superintendent, that authority may be given by a sergeant or chief inspector authorised to perform the higher rank's functions under s.107 PACE (Code B 2.7).

Entry and search without a warrant: ss.17, 18 and 32, and consent

Code B section 4 points to the statutory powers rather than creating any. Section 17 does not itself create a power of arrest (Code B 4.1). The exam favourite is choosing between s.18 and s.32.

The four routes in
Power	What it allows	Key limits
s.17	Enter and search to execute a warrant, arrest for an indictable offence and other listed offences, recapture an unlawfully at large person, or save life or limb or prevent serious damage to property	Except for saving life or limb, the constable needs reasonable grounds for believing the person sought is on the premises (s.17(2)). Breach of the peace powers survive (s.17(6))
s.18	Premises occupied or controlled by a person under arrest for an indictable offence, for evidence of that offence or a connected or similar indictable offence	Inspector's written authority (s.18(4)) unless s.18(5) applies; then inform an inspector as soon as practicable (s.18(6)). Grounds and evidence sought must be recorded (s.18(7))
s.32	Premises where the person was arrested for an indictable offence, or where they were immediately before arrest, for evidence relating to that offence	Constable's power: needs reasonable grounds for believing evidence is there (s.32(6)). No inspector authority. Limited to the extent reasonably required (s.32(3))
Consent (Code B 5)	Search with the consent of a person entitled to grant entry	In writing on the Notice of Powers and Rights if practicable (5.1). The person must be told they need not consent and can withdraw (5.2). Not under duress (5.3). Not on the landlord's say-so alone in a hostel or lodging house (Note 5A)

s.18 is about the suspect's premises. Occupied or controlled by the person under arrest for an indictable offence, for evidence of that offence or another indictable offence connected with or similar to it. The inspector should record the authority on the Notice of Powers and Rights where possible (Code B 4.3).
s.32 is about the place of arrest. Where the person was when arrested, or immediately before, for evidence of the offence for which they were arrested, and only on reasonable grounds for believing evidence is there.
Consent is often unnecessary. Where an occupier co-operates with a warrant or statutory power, written consent is not needed (Note 5B). Consent may also be unnecessary where seeking it would cause disproportionate inconvenience, for example a quick check of gardens along a pursuit route (5.4 and Note 5C).

Code C: the custody framework

Code C governs people in police detention. The custody officer is responsible for the custody record (2.3), for the detainee's property (4.1) and for implementing risk assessments. Designated persons (police staff with powers under the Police Reform Act 2002) appear throughout and must have regard to the Codes.

Juveniles. Anyone who appears to be under 18 is treated as a juvenile unless there is clear evidence they are older (1.5A).
Voluntary attenders. A person attending voluntarily may leave at will unless arrested, and may only be prevented from leaving if their arrest is necessary under Code G (3.21).
Custody record access. The detainee's solicitor and appropriate adult must be allowed to inspect the whole custody record as soon as practicable after arrival and at any other time on request while the person is detained (2.4).
Property. The custody officer ascertains what property the detainee has and is responsible for its safekeeping, and may search to the extent necessary. Searches of intimate parts or removing more than outer clothing are only under Annex A, and a search is by an officer of the same sex (4.1). Detainees may keep clothing and personal effects at their own risk unless the custody officer considers they may be used to harm, interfere with evidence, damage property or escape, or are needed as evidence (4.2). Personal effects do not include cash or other items of value (4.3).
Rights on arrival (3.1). When a person is brought to a station under arrest, or arrested there after attending voluntarily, the custody officer must tell them clearly of the continuing rights to consult a solicitor privately with free independent advice available, to have someone informed of their arrest, to consult the Codes of Practice and, where applicable, to interpretation and translation and to contact their High Commission, Embassy or Consulate; and of their right to be told about the offence and why they have been arrested and detained.
Written notice (3.2). The detainee is also given a written notice setting out those rights, the arrangements for legal advice, the right to a copy of the custody record, the right to remain silent as set out in the caution, and access to documents essential to challenging the lawfulness of the arrest and detention.
Other forces. A person arrested by one force for another may not be questioned about the offence in transit, other than to clarify a voluntary statement, while the s.41 period has not started (14.1).
Hospital. A detainee in hospital may not be questioned without the agreement of a responsible doctor (14.2), and that questioning time counts towards detention (Note 14A; s.41(6)).

The detention clock

Almost every detention question turns on two things: when the clock started (the relevant time in s.41(2)) and who can extend it.

When the clock starts (s.41(2))
Situation	Relevant time	Source
Arrested and taken to a police station (ordinary case)	Arrival at the first police station after arrest	s.41(2)(d)
Wanted in force area B, arrested in area A and not questioned in A	Arrival at the first station in area B, or 24 hours after arrest, whichever is earlier	s.41(2)(a), (3)
Attends voluntarily (or accompanies a constable) and is arrested at the station	The time of arrest	s.41(2)(c)
Answers street bail under s.30A	Arrival at the police station	s.41(2)(ca)
Arrested outside England and Wales	Arrival at the first station in the investigating area, or 24 hours after entering England and Wales, whichever is earlier	s.41(2)(b)
Taken to hospital	Time questioned in hospital or travelling there and back counts; other hospital time does not	s.41(6)

Limits, reviews and extensions
Step	Rule	Source	Who
Basic limit	24 hours from the relevant time	s.41(1)	Custody officer's detention; reviews by an inspector
First review	Not later than 6 hours after detention was first authorised	s.40(3)(a)	Inspector or above not directly involved (pre-charge)
Second review	Not later than 9 hours after the first	s.40(3)(b)	Same
Later reviews	At intervals of not more than 9 hours	s.40(3)(c)	Same
Extension to 36 hours	Indictable offence; necessary to secure, preserve or obtain evidence by questioning; investigation diligent and expeditious	s.42(1)	Superintendent or above responsible for the station. Not before the second review, not more than 24 hours after the relevant time (s.42(4))
Warrant of further detention	Up to 36 hours more as the court thinks fit	s.43(11), (12)	Magistrates' court on a constable's sworn information; the person must be present and given a copy (s.43(2))
Late application	Can be made up to 6 hours after the 36 hours if the court cannot sit at 36 hours but will sit within those 6 hours	s.43(5)(b), (7)	If it was reasonable to apply earlier, the court must dismiss it
Extension of the warrant	Up to 36 hours at a time, never ending later than 96 hours after the relevant time	s.44(3)	Magistrates' court

Postponed reviews. A review may be postponed if it is not practicable at the latest time, for example where interrupting questioning would prejudice the investigation or no review officer is readily available, but must then happen as soon as practicable (s.40(4), (5)).
Representations. Before a s.42 authorisation the detainee, or an available solicitor, must be allowed to make representations, orally or in writing (s.42(6), (7)). The officer must explain and record the grounds (s.42(5)).
Warrant hearings. The person must have a copy of the information and be brought before the court, and is entitled to be legally represented (s.43(2), (3)). The information must state the offence, the general nature of the evidence, the inquiries made and proposed, and why detention is necessary (s.43(14)).
Release. At each limit the person is charged or released, on bail if the pre-conditions for bail are met, otherwise without bail (ss.41(7), 42(10), 43(18)). Re-arrest without warrant for the same offence needs new evidence or analysis that could not reasonably have been done before (s.41(9)).

Rights and delaying them

Two statutory rights carry the most marks: having someone told of the arrest (s.56 and Code C section 5) and consulting a solicitor (s.58 and Code C section 6).

Someone told. One person known to the detainee or likely to take an interest in their welfare, told at public expense as soon as practicable. If that person cannot be contacted, up to two alternatives (5.1). The right applies again on each transfer to another station (5.3; s.56(8)).
Legal advice. A detainee may consult a solicitor privately at any time (s.58(1)), and a detainee who wants legal advice may not be interviewed until they have had it unless one of the exceptions in Code C 6.6 applies.
Delay conditions. Indictable offence, not yet charged, and reasonable grounds for believing exercise of the right will lead to interference with or harm to evidence, interference with or physical harm to people, alerting other suspects not yet arrested, or hindering recovery of property, or (Annex B para 2) hindering recovery of the value of criminal benefit.
Delay limits. Inspector for s.56; superintendent for s.58. Authority may be oral but must be confirmed in writing as soon as practicable (s.56(4), s.58(7)). Both rights must be allowed within 36 hours of the relevant time (s.56(3), s.58(5)), and once the reason ceases there can be no further delay.
The solicitor point. Delay of access to a particular solicitor is justified only if the officer reasonably believes that solicitor will, inadvertently or otherwise, pass on a message or act so as to cause one of the consequences; the detainee must then be allowed to choose another solicitor (Annex B para 3).

The four ways an interview can start without legal advice (Code C 6.6)

(a) Delay of legal advice authorised by a superintendent under Annex B. (b) A superintendent reasonably believes waiting would cause the Annex B consequences. (c) The chosen solicitor cannot be contacted, does not wish to be, or declines to attend, and the detainee declines the duty solicitor: inspector agrees. (d) The detainee changes their mind: an inspector speaks to them and agrees. In (a) and (b) the Annex C restriction applies and the shorter caution is used; in (c) it does not.

Care, conditions and searches of the detainee

Cells. Not more than one detainee per cell so far as practicable (8.1). A juvenile is not placed in a cell unless no other secure accommodation is available and the custody officer considers they cannot be supervised otherwise (8.8).
Food and exercise. At least two light meals and one main meal in any 24 hours (8.6). Brief outdoor exercise daily if practicable (8.7).
Visits. At least every hour. Those suspected of being under the influence of drink or drugs, or whose consciousness causes concern, are visited and roused at least every half hour and assessed under Annex H, subject to clinical directions (9.3).
Rest. A continuous period of at least 8 hours in any 24, free from questioning, travel or interruption, normally at night. For a voluntary attender later arrested, the 24 hours runs from arrest (12.2).
Breaks. At recognised meal times, and short refreshment breaks at approximately two hour intervals, unless delaying is justified (12.8).
Intimate search. A physical examination of body orifices other than the mouth. Inspector authority on reasonable grounds that the person may have concealed something to cause injury, or a Class A drug they intended to supply or export, and that an intimate search is the only way to remove it (s.55; Annex A para 2). A drug offence search needs the detainee's written appropriate consent and must take place at a hospital, surgery or other medical premises by a doctor or nurse (Annex A paras 2(b), 4).
Strip search. Removal of more than outer clothing, where outer clothing includes shoes and socks. Only if necessary to remove an article the detainee would not be allowed to keep and they might have concealed it; never routine (Annex A paras 9 and 10).

Vulnerable people, appropriate adults and fitness for interview

Code C Annex E summarises the provisions for vulnerable people. It matters in the exam because the rule that applies is often triggered by suspicion rather than proof.

Reason to suspect is enough. If an officer has any reason to suspect a person of any age may be vulnerable, they are treated as vulnerable unless there is clear evidence to dispel that suspicion (1.4 and Annex E para 1). The custody officer (for a detainee) or the investigating officer (for someone not arrested) makes reasonable enquiries, records whether the factors apply, and makes the record available to those who communicate with the person.
Who can be the appropriate adult. For a vulnerable person: a relative, guardian or other person responsible for their care; someone experienced with vulnerable people who is not a police officer, police employee, under the chief officer's control or contracted to assist the force; failing those, another responsible adult aged 18 or over who is not in those excluded groups (Annex E para 2).
What the appropriate adult does. Supports and advises, observes whether the police are acting properly and fairly and tells an inspector or above if not, helps communication while respecting the right to say nothing, and helps the person understand their rights (Annex E para 2A).
Legal advice through the appropriate adult. If the appropriate adult considers legal advice should be taken, section 6 applies as if the vulnerable person had asked for it (Annex E para 4).
Information in their presence. Where the appropriate adult arrives after the detainee has been told their rights, the information is given again in the appropriate adult's presence (Annex E para 3).
Fitness to be interviewed (Annex G). A detainee may be at risk in interview if it could significantly harm their physical or mental state, or anything they say might be unreliable because of it. The assessment considers their ability to understand the interview and the significance of answers, whether replies reflect their condition rather than a rational account, and how probing questions might affect them. Healthcare professionals look at functional ability, not just diagnosis.

Juveniles and appropriate adults

Anyone who appears to be under 18 is treated as a juvenile (1.5A), and juveniles always need an appropriate adult for an interview unless an urgent interview is authorised under 11.18. The rules on who may act for a juvenile are in Code C 1.7; we have summarised only the vulnerable adult list above.

Cautions and interviews: Code C sections 10 to 12

When a caution is needed

A person whom there are grounds to suspect of an offence must be cautioned before questions about it are put, if their answers or silence may be given in evidence (10.1). No caution is needed for questions solely to establish identity or vehicle ownership, to obtain information under a statutory requirement, for the proper conduct of a search, or to verify a written record (10.1(a) to (d)). A person not under arrest who is cautioned must be told they are not under arrest and of their rights for a voluntary interview (10.2). A person arrested must be cautioned unless that is impracticable because of their condition or behaviour, or they were cautioned immediately before arrest (10.4).

Standard caution (10.5). You do not have to say anything. But it may harm your defence if you do not mention when questioned something which you later rely on in court. Anything you do say may be given in evidence.
Restricted caution (Annex C para 2). You do not have to say anything, but anything you do say may be given in evidence. Used when the Annex C restriction on inferences applies, which includes post-charge interviews under 16.5 and a charged person being shown another person's statement under 16.4.
Caution on charge (16.2). Not the restricted caution: unless Annex C applies, it is the standard wording with "if you do not mention now something which you later rely on in court". Easy to confuse with the 16.5 wording.
Minor deviations do not breach the Code if the sense is preserved (10.7). After a break, make sure the person knows they are still under caution, and if in doubt give it again in full (10.8).
Consequences of refusing. Where refusal to answer particular questions may affect immediate treatment, such as refusing a name and address on charge or a statutory requirement under the Road Traffic Act 1988, the person is told the consequences and that they are not affected by the caution (10.9).

What counts as an interview, and where

Definition (11.1A). Questioning a person about their involvement or suspected involvement in an offence which must be done under caution. Before interview, the suspect and solicitor must be given enough information to understand the nature of the offence and why they are suspected, but not details that would prejudice the investigation; the investigating officer decides and records what was disclosed. Road Traffic Act 1988 s.7 procedures are not interviews.
Where (11.1). Once arrest has been decided, interview only at a police station or authorised place of detention, unless delay would be likely to lead to harm to evidence or people, serious loss or damage to property, alerting other suspects, or hindering recovery of property. Stop once the risk is averted.
Significant statements. At the start of an interview the interviewer puts to the suspect any significant statement or silence that occurred earlier (11.4). A significant statement is one that appears capable of being used in evidence against the suspect, in particular a direct admission (11.4A).
Vulnerable suspects. A juvenile or vulnerable person must not be interviewed, or asked to sign a statement or record, without the appropriate adult unless 11.1 or 11.18 to 11.20 apply (11.15). Urgent interviews under 11.18 need a superintendent who is satisfied the interview would not significantly harm the person.
After charge (16.5). Only to prevent or minimise harm or loss, to clear up an ambiguity, or in the interests of justice to put new information, with the restricted caution and a reminder of legal advice.

Charging: Code C section 16

Telling the custody officer (16.1). When the officer in charge of the investigation reasonably believes there is sufficient evidence to provide a realistic prospect of conviction, they inform the custody officer without delay, and the custody officer considers whether to charge. With more than one offence, informing the custody officer may wait until the test is met for all of them. For a juvenile or vulnerable person, resulting action takes place in the appropriate adult's presence if they are there.
DPP's guidance (16.1A, 16.1B). Where guidance under s.37A PACE is in force the custody officer must comply with it. If the case goes to a Crown Prosecutor who cannot decide on the information available, the detainee may be released without charge on bail under s.37(7)(a) so the DPP can decide under s.37B.
Written notice (16.3). The charged person receives a written notice with the particulars in simple terms and the precise offence in law, beginning "You are charged with the offence(s) shown below", followed by the caution. A copy goes to the appropriate adult for a juvenile or mentally vulnerable person.
Other people's statements (16.4). After charge, a detainee may be handed a true copy of another person's written statement or told the content of their interview, but nothing may be done to invite a reply except as the Code allows. Code E requires this to be audio recorded where it can be.

Out-of-court disposals and police bail are covered on the Part 1 page.

Code D: eye-witness identification

Code D is about fairness to suspects and witnesses. The questions usually ask whether a procedure must be held, which one, who runs it, and what the witness and suspect must be told.

First description (3.1). Recorded before the witness takes part in any procedure, in a form that can be given to the suspect or solicitor, and a copy given to them where practicable before the procedure.
Suspect not known (3.2). A witness may be taken to a neighbourhood to see if they recognise anyone. Follow the formal principles as far as practicable: record the description first, keep witnesses apart, do not direct attention to anyone.
Known and available (3.1A, 3.4). Known means there are reasonable grounds to suspect a particular person under Code G. Available means immediately or within a reasonably short time, so an effective procedure can be arranged. Then the options are video identification, identification parade or group identification.
Must a procedure be held (3.12)? Yes where a witness has identified or purported to identify the suspect, or is available and expresses an ability to identify, or there is a reasonable chance they can, they have not had the chance in a formal procedure, and the suspect disputes being the person. Not if impracticable or it would serve no useful purpose. The officer in charge may also hold one if useful (3.13).
Which one (3.14 to 3.16). Video identification first unless not practicable, or a parade is both practicable and more suitable, or a group identification is more suitable and practicable. A video ID would normally be more suitable if it can be done sooner. The suspect is reminded of free legal advice before an option is offered.
Not available (3.21). Covert video identification using any suitable moving or still images, or a group identification without consent. Covert activity strictly limited to what is necessary (3.22).
Confrontation (3.23 and Annex D). Only if nothing else is practicable. No consent needed, no force to show the face, normally in the presence of the suspect's solicitor, interpreter or friend unless that causes unreasonable delay, and the witness is asked "Is this the person?".

Numbers in Code D
Procedure	Rule	Source
Video identification	The suspect and at least eight other people resembling them; with two suspects of roughly similar appearance, at least twelve others	Annex A para 2
Identification parade	At least eight people in addition to the suspect; twelve if two suspects of roughly similar appearance; never more than two suspects	Annex B para 9
Showing photographs	Supervised by a sergeant or above; first description confirmed as recorded; one witness at a time; not less than twelve photographs at a time	Annex E paras 1 to 4
Solicitor at a video identification	Only on request and with the identification officer's prior agreement, if their presence will not deter or distract the witness	Annex A para 9

Code D: fingerprints, photographs and samples

Intimate samples. From a person in police detention only with an inspector's authority and the appropriate consent (s.62(1)). The inspector needs reasonable grounds for suspecting involvement in a recordable offence and believing the sample will tend to confirm or disprove it (s.62(2)).
Attendance requirements. A requirement to attend a police station for fingerprints or samples must give at least seven days to attend (Annex G para 1). An inspector or above may authorise a shorter period where there is an urgent need (para 3). Variations must be confirmed in writing to be enforceable (para 4).
Drug testing. Under s.63B a sample to test for specified Class A drugs may be taken after arrest for a trigger offence, or where an inspector authorises it on suspicion that Class A misuse caused or contributed to the offence. The arrest condition requires the person to be 18 or over; the charge condition 14 or over (s.63B(3)). Code C section 17 sets out the procedure.
Destruction and speculative searches. Annex F of Code D covers retention and destruction. The detail is set by Part 5 of PACE as amended by the Protection of Freedoms Act 2012; we have not summarised it here.

Codes E and F: recording interviews

What must be audio recorded (Code E 2.1). Any interview under caution about a summary or indictable offence (including either way) where an authorised recording device in working order and a suitable location are available, including exceptional post-charge interviews and the occasions when a charged person is shown another person's statement or interview.
The whole of it. Including taking and reading back any statement (2.2).
When a written record is allowed (2.3). No working device, or no suitable location, and the relevant officer decides the interview should not wait; or the suspect or appropriate adult objects and the relevant officer decides a written record will be made; or a detainee refuses to go into an interview room and the custody officer directs a cell interview where a device cannot safely be used.
The relevant officer (2.4). The interviewer for an urgent pre-arrival interview under Code C 11.1; the custody officer for someone detained at a station; for voluntary interviews, a sergeant or above for an indictable offence at a station, and the interviewer for a summary offence.
Code F. A visual recording with sound is an audio recording under Code E with a simultaneous visual recording of the suspect, interviewer and those present (F 2.1). There is no statutory requirement to make one (F 2.2), but examples where the relevant officer is likely to consider it include where the suspect needs an appropriate adult, or the suspect, solicitor or appropriate adult asks for it. Terrorism Act 2000 detainee interviews follow a separate code (F 2.4).

Who authorises what: the table to memorise

Rank questions are easy marks if you learn this table and hard if you guess. Remember that an officer authorised to act in the higher rank can give the authority (s.107 PACE; Code B 2.7).

Authorisation levels across PACE and Codes B to E
Decision	Who	Source
Delay telling someone of the arrest	Inspector	s.56(2)(b); Code C Annex B
Delay access to a solicitor	Superintendent	s.58(6)(b); Code C Annex B, 6.6(a)
Interview before legal advice where delay would cause the Annex B consequences	Superintendent	Code C 6.6(b)
Interview to proceed where the chosen solicitor cannot be contacted or declines and the detainee declines the duty solicitor	Inspector agrees	Code C 6.6(c)
Detainee changes mind about legal advice	Inspector speaks to the detainee and agrees	Code C 6.6(d)
Urgent interview of a juvenile or vulnerable person without the appropriate adult, or of someone unfit through drink or drugs	Superintendent	Code C 11.18
Review of detention, not charged	Inspector not directly involved	s.40(1)(b)
Continued detention to 36 hours	Superintendent responsible for the station	s.42(1)
Beyond 36 hours (to 96 maximum)	Magistrates' court	ss.43, 44
Intimate search	Inspector	s.55(1); Code C Annex A para 2
Strip search	Custody officer's necessity decision; no rank set	Code C Annex A paras 10 and 11
Intimate sample	Inspector, plus the appropriate consent	s.62(1)
Drug test sample where the offence is not a trigger offence	Inspector	s.63B(2), (3)
Search of premises after arrest (s.18)	Inspector, in writing	s.18(4); Code B 4.3
Search warrant application (s.8)	Inspector, signed written authority	Code B 3.4(a)
Second entry on a multiple-entry warrant	Inspector, in writing	s.16(3B); Code B 6.3A
Eye-witness identification procedures	Identification officer: inspector or above not involved in the investigation	Code D 3.11
Showing photographs to eye-witnesses	Sergeant or above supervises	Code D Annex E para 1
Shorter than 7 days to attend for fingerprints or samples	Inspector	Code D Annex G para 3
Written record instead of audio for a voluntary interview at a station about an indictable offence	Sergeant or above, with the investigating officer	Code E 2.4(c)(i)

The traps, in one table

Each row is a wrong belief that a plausible distractor could be built around, with the correct position.

Common PACE traps
The tempting answer	The correct position
The detention clock starts at arrest	Usually it starts on arrival at the first police station (s.41(2)(d)). Arrest at the station after a voluntary attendance is the exception (s.41(2)(c))
A superintendent can extend detention at any time once the 24 hours is near	Not before the second review and not more than 24 hours after the relevant time (s.42(4)), and only for an indictable offence
A court can authorise detention for up to 96 hours in one go	A warrant of further detention is for up to 36 hours (s.43(12)); extensions are up to 36 hours each and cannot run past 96 hours (s.44(3))
Inspector can delay the solicitor	Superintendent. The inspector can only delay the s.56 right to have someone told (s.56, s.58)
Delay of rights is available for any offence	Indictable offences only, and only before charge (s.56(2), s.58(6); Annex B para 1)
The solicitor delay can last until the investigation is finished	Never beyond 36 hours from the relevant time, and it must end when the reason stops (s.58(5), (11))
After any break the full caution must always be repeated	The person must be made aware they remain under caution; repeat it in full if there is any doubt (Code C 10.8)
Questions about identity need a caution	Not if they are solely to establish identity or ownership of a vehicle (Code C 10.1(a))
Once charged, no further interview is possible	Code C 16.5 allows three exceptions, with the shorter caution
A street identification under Code D 3.2 counts as the formal procedure	No. Paragraph 3.12 looks at whether the witness has had the chance in a video ID, parade or group ID (paras 3.5 to 3.10)
The officer in the case can run the video identification if no inspector is free	No one involved with the investigation may take part except as permitted (Code D 3.11)
Confrontation needs the suspect's consent	It does not (Code D 3.23), but force may not be used to make the face visible (Annex D para 3)
An intimate drug search can be done at the police station	A drug offence search (Annex A 2(a)(ii)) must be at a hospital, surgery or other medical premises by a doctor or nurse (Annex A para 4)
Code F requires every interview to be filmed	There is no statutory requirement to make a visual recording (Code F 2.2)
Section 32 needs inspector authority	That is s.18. Section 32 is a constable's power limited to where the person was arrested or immediately before arrest

Five worked questions

These are original practice questions written by PolicePay from the Act and the Codes. They are not real, past or recalled NIE questions, and they are not taken from Blackstone's. Try each before reading the marked answer.

Code C: the relevant time Worked question 1

DAVIES is wanted by Force B for a burglary. At 08:00 on Monday he is arrested in Force A's area on Force B's behalf and held at a Force A station. He is not questioned about the burglary. Force B officers collect him and he arrives at the first Force B police station at 13:00 on Monday. When does his detention clock start for the burglary?

A. 08:00 on Monday, when he was arrested.

B. When he arrived at the Force A police station.

C. Correct: 13:00 on Monday, when he arrived at the first police station in Force B's area.

D. 08:00 on Tuesday, 24 hours after his arrest.

Where a person's arrest is sought in one area, they are arrested in another and are not questioned there about the offence, the relevant time is the time they arrive at the first police station in the area where the arrest was sought, or 24 hours after arrest, whichever is earlier (s.41(2)(a) and (3)). He arrived at 13:00 on Monday, which is earlier than 08:00 on Tuesday. Had Force A questioned him about the burglary, s.41(2)(a) would not apply.

Source: PACE s.41(2)(a), (3)

Code C: extending detention Worked question 2

EVANS is arrested for an indictable offence and detention is authorised at 10:00. The first review is carried out at 15:30. At 17:00, seven hours after detention was authorised, the superintendent responsible for the station is asked to authorise continued detention to 36 hours because a forensic result is expected the next morning. What is the position?

A. The superintendent may authorise it now because the offence is indictable.

B. Correct: The superintendent may not authorise it yet, because the second review has not been carried out.

C. Only a magistrates' court can authorise detention beyond 24 hours.

D. An inspector may authorise it because fewer than 24 hours have passed.

Section 42(4)(b) says no authorisation under s.42(1) may be given before the second review under s.40 has been carried out. The second review is due not later than nine hours after the first (s.40(3)(b)). The superintendent's power also cannot be used more than 24 hours after the relevant time (s.42(4)(a)). Inspectors review detention, but the s.42 extension is for a superintendent or above responsible for the station.

Source: PACE ss.40(3), 42(1), 42(4)

Code C: legal advice and the caution Worked question 3

FRASER, detained for an indictable offence, asks for a named solicitor. The solicitor's office says the solicitor will not attend. FRASER is told about the Duty Solicitor Scheme and declines to ask for the duty solicitor. Which statement is correct?

A. Correct: The interview may go ahead without further delay if an inspector or above agrees, and the standard caution is used.

B. The interview cannot go ahead until a superintendent authorises delay of legal advice.

C. The interview may go ahead and the shorter caution must be used because FRASER has had no legal advice.

D. The interview may go ahead only if the custody officer records that FRASER has waived all rights.

Code C para 6.6(c) covers a chosen solicitor who cannot be contacted, does not wish to be contacted or declines to attend, where the detainee has been told of the Duty Solicitor Scheme and declines to ask for the duty solicitor. The interview may start or continue without further delay provided an officer of inspector rank or above agrees. The Code's note says the Annex C restriction on inferences does not apply because the detainee was allowed an opportunity to consult the duty solicitor, so the standard caution is used.

Source: Code C 6.6(c); Annex C para 1(a)

Code D: when a procedure must be held Worked question 4

Shortly after a robbery, a witness is driven around the area with officers and points out GRANT in the street. GRANT is arrested. In interview he denies being the robber or being at the scene. The witness says she is sure. Under Code D, what should happen next?

A. Nothing further: the street identification is a valid identification procedure in its own right.

B. A confrontation should be arranged straight away because the witness has already identified GRANT.

C. Correct: An identification procedure must be held, unless it is not practicable or would serve no useful purpose, and the suspect should first be invited to take part in a video identification unless one of the exceptions applies.

D. Photographs of GRANT should be shown to the witness to confirm the identification.

A witness who identifies a suspect in the street under para 3.2 has not been given an opportunity to identify him in a video identification, parade or group identification (paras 3.5 to 3.10). Because GRANT disputes being the person seen, para 3.12 requires a procedure unless it is impracticable or would serve no useful purpose. Paragraph 3.14 says the suspect is initially invited to take part in a video identification unless it is not practicable, a parade is both practicable and more suitable, or a group identification is chosen under para 3.16. Confrontation is a last resort (3.23) and photographs are not shown once the suspect is known and available.

Source: Code D 3.2, 3.12, 3.14, 3.23

Code B: multiple-entry warrants Worked question 5

A justice of the peace issues a s.8 warrant authorising multiple entries to a flat. The first search finds part of the property sought. Two days later the officer in the case wants to go back in. What authority is needed?

A. None: the warrant already authorises multiple entries.

B. Correct: The written authority of an inspector, who under Code B must not be involved in the investigation.

C. A fresh warrant from a justice of the peace.

D. The oral authority of the officer in charge of the search.

Section 16(3B) PACE says no premises may be entered or searched for the second or any later time under a multiple-entry warrant unless an inspector or above has authorised that entry in writing. Code B para 6.3A adds that the inspector must not be involved in the investigation. Code B 6.3A also notes that all other warrants authorise entry on one occasion only. Any entry must still be within three months of issue (s.16(3)).

Source: PACE s.16(3), (3B); Code B 6.3A

For a scored set across all four parts, try the free NIE mini mock. Our NIE exam prep toolkit (we make it, and it is paid) has a larger bank of checked Part 1 questions and timed 80-question mocks. Neither replaces the Manual.

Worked scenarios

1. The overnight forensic wait A suspect is detained for a stabbing at 22:00. Reviews take place at 03:30 and 12:00. At 18:00 the next day officers are still waiting for a DNA result. A superintendent may authorise continued detention to a period ending no later than 36 hours after the relevant time, because the offence is indictable, the second review has happened, it is fewer than 24 hours since the relevant time, and the s.42(1) tests are met. The detainee or an available solicitor must be given the chance to make representations (s.42(6)), and the grounds must be explained and recorded (s.42(5)).

2. The landlord's key Officers want to search a room in a hostel for a stolen laptop. The warden offers a key and signs a consent form. Note 5A to Code B says a search should not be made solely on the basis of the landlord's consent; every reasonable effort should be made to obtain the consent of the tenant, lodger or occupier. If the resident cannot be found and there is no other power, a warrant is the safer route.

3. The suspect who was drinking A 19 year old is arrested after a fight and has clearly been drinking heavily. He is asleep in the cell. Code C para 9.3 requires a detainee suspected of being under the influence of drink or drugs to be visited and roused at least every half hour, have their condition assessed under Annex H and be clinically treated where appropriate. Interviewing him while he appears unable to appreciate the significance of questions is barred unless a superintendent authorises an urgent interview under para 11.18 and is satisfied it would not significantly harm him (Annex G).

4. The juvenile at school Officers want to interview a 15 year old pupil about a theft from a neighbour's car. Code C para 11.16 says juveniles may only be interviewed at their place of education in exceptional circumstances and only when the principal or their nominee agrees. If waiting for the appropriate adult would cause unreasonable delay, the principal or nominee can act as the appropriate adult, unless the juvenile is suspected of an offence against the school.

5. The suspect who will not attend A suspect refuses to take part in a video identification or a parade. Code D para 3.15 says he must be asked his reasons, may get advice and may make representations, and the identification officer then considers an alternative. Where no procedure in 3.5 to 3.10 is practicable, a covert video identification or a group identification without consent may be arranged (3.21). Confrontation is available only if none of those is practicable (3.23).

Where this sits in the NIE syllabus

The chapter numbers below are the headings in Appendix A of the College's NIE candidate handbook 2026, which lists the examinable parts of Blackstone's Police Investigators' Manual 2026. We have used the headings only; we have not read or reproduced the Manual's text.

Part 1 PACE chapters (2026 syllabus)
Chapter	Heading	What the headings list	Where we cover it
1.6	Entry, search and seizure: PACE Code B	Code B sections 1 to 10, search warrants, execution of warrants	This page: Code B and entry without warrant
1.7	Detention and treatment of persons by police officers	Custody officer, designated persons, police detention, Code C sections 1 to 9, 13 to 17, Annexes A, B, E, G, H, K, L, M, N; limits on detention	This page: custody, the clock, rights, care; bail is on the Part 1 page
1.8	Identification	Code D sections 1 to 6 and Annexes A to G	This page: Code D
1.9	Interviews	Code C sections 10 to 12, Annexes C and D; Code E sections 2 to 4; Code F	This page: cautions, interviews, Codes E and F
1.10	Release of person arrested	Street bail, pre-charge bail, bail after charge, absconding	The Part 1 page

In the College's September 2026 subject area breakdown, 30 of 70 scored questions came from Part 1. That is one sitting and the College says any part of the syllabus can be examined.

PACE revision checklist

Write out the detention clock from memory: relevant time, 6 and 9 hour reviews, 24, 36 and 96 hours, and who decides each step.
Work through each version of the relevant time in s.41(2), including the other-force arrest and the voluntary attender.
Recite the inspector and superintendent split for delaying rights, and the 36 hour long-stop in ss.56 and 58.
Learn the four routes in Code C 6.6 to interviewing without legal advice and which ones trigger the Annex C caution.
Say both cautions word for word and the 16.5 post-charge caution.
Know the definition of an interview (11.1A) and the exceptions that allow interviewing away from a police station (11.1).
Know the vulnerable person rules: appropriate adult (11.15), urgent interviews (11.18), schools (11.16), fitness (Annex G).
Know when a Code D procedure must be held (3.12), the order of preference (3.14 to 3.16), and the identification officer (3.11).
Know the numbers in Code D: at least eight others in a video ID or parade, twelve if two similar suspects, at least twelve photographs.
Know the Code B warrant rules: inspector authority, three months, reasonable hour, multiple entries, consent in writing.
Know s.17, s.18 and s.32 well enough to pick the right one from a short scenario.
Know Code E's scope (any offence, with exceptions in 2.3) and that Code F is optional unless used.

Then move on to disclosure, RIPA and CHIS, which complete Part 1, and use the free revision timetable to fit the rest around shifts. The full cluster is on the NIE hub.

What we could not verify

The Manual's text. We worked from the Act, the Codes and the College's handbook. We have not read Blackstone's Police Investigators' Manual 2026, so we cannot say which paragraphs its text refers to. Where it differs from this page, follow the Manual for the exam.
Future Code revisions. We found no Code B, C, D, E or F published after December 2023 on GOV.UK on 11 October 2026. We did not search for draft revisions or open consultations.
Code D Annex F detail. Retention periods for fingerprints and DNA under Part 5 PACE are not summarised here.
Code C annexes we did not summarise. Annexes K (X-rays and ultrasound), L (establishing gender for searches), M (documents to translate) and N (live-link interpretation) are on the syllabus but not covered on this page.
Weighting. The only weighting figure we use is the College's part-level count for September 2026. We do not know how many questions any one Code will carry.

Quick answers

Frequently Asked Questions

Which PACE Codes are examined in the National Investigators' Exam?

The College's 2026 NIE syllabus (Appendix A of the candidate handbook) lists Code B (search of premises and seizure), Code C (detention, treatment and questioning, including cautions and interviews), Code D (identification), Code E (audio recording of interviews) and Code F (visual recording with sound). Codes A, G and H do not have their own syllabus headings for the NIE, although Code G is referred to inside Code C on arrest and cautions. The syllabus headings sit in Part 1 of Blackstone's Police Investigators' Manual 2026, chapters 1.6 to 1.9.

Do I need to learn PACE Code paragraph numbers for the NIE?

The handbook says candidates are not examined on simply recalling information contained only in the Manual's tables, but where the Manual's text refers directly to a paragraph of a PACE Code, candidates are expected to know the relevant provision. So learn what each referenced paragraph says and when it applies. Knowing that a paragraph number exists is less useful than knowing who decides, by when, and what happens if it is not done.

Which versions of the PACE Codes are in force?

As at 11 October 2026 the GOV.UK PACE page lists Code B 2023, Code C 2023 and Code D 2023 (each in force from 00:00 on 20 December 2023) and Codes E and F 2018 (interviews after 00:00 on 31 July 2018). The NIE examines the law as it appears in the 2026 Manual, so if a Code changes after the Manual was written, follow the College's notice on whether the change is examinable.

How long can a suspect be detained without charge?

Twenty-four hours from the relevant time (s.41 PACE). A superintendent or above responsible for the station can authorise up to 36 hours if the offence is indictable and the other s.42 conditions are met. A magistrates' court can issue a warrant of further detention (s.43) and extend it (s.44), but never beyond 96 hours after the relevant time. Terrorism detention under the Terrorism Act 2000 is a separate regime under Code H.

When is the first review of detention due?

Not later than six hours after detention was first authorised, then not later than nine hours after the first review, then at intervals of not more than nine hours (s.40(3)). For a person arrested but not charged the review officer is an inspector or above not directly involved in the investigation (s.40(1)(b)). For a person who has been charged it is the custody officer.

Who can delay a detainee's right to a solicitor, and for how long?

Only an officer of superintendent rank or above, only for an indictable offence, only before charge, and only on the reasonable grounds set out in s.58(8) and Code C Annex B (for example interference with evidence or alerting other suspects). The detainee must be allowed to consult a solicitor within 36 hours of the relevant time in any case (s.58(5)), and the delay must end as soon as the reason ceases to exist (s.58(11)).

Who can delay the right to have someone told of the arrest?

An inspector or above, for an indictable offence, on the same kind of grounds (s.56 and Code C Annex B). The right must be allowed within 36 hours of the relevant time (s.56(3)). Remember the contrast: inspector for the s.56 right, superintendent for the s.58 right to legal advice.

What is the difference between the two cautions?

The standard caution in Code C para 10.5 includes the warning that it may harm the defence if the person does not mention something later relied on in court. When the restriction on adverse inferences in Annex C applies, the caution is the shorter version: you do not have to say anything, but anything you do say may be given in evidence. A typical case is a detainee who asked for legal advice and is interviewed under para 6.6(a) or (b) before being allowed to consult a solicitor.

Can a suspect be interviewed after charge?

Only in the three situations in Code C para 16.5: to prevent or minimise harm or loss to some other person or the public, to clear up an ambiguity in a previous answer or statement, or where it is in the interests of justice to put new information to them. The interviewer must give the shorter caution and remind the detainee of the right to legal advice. Code E requires such an interview to be audio recorded where a device and suitable place are available.

When must an identification procedure be held under Code D?

Paragraph 3.12 requires one where an eye-witness has identified or purported to identify a suspect, or there is an eye-witness who expresses or has a reasonable chance of an ability to identify them, the witness has not yet had the chance in a video identification, parade or group identification, and the suspect disputes being the person seen. The exceptions are where a procedure is not practicable or would serve no useful purpose, for example where the suspect admits being at the scene and the witness sees nothing to contradict their account.

Who runs identification procedures?

The identification officer, an officer not below inspector rank who is not involved with the investigation (Code D para 3.11). They may delegate the arrangements and conduct to another officer or police staff but keep overall responsibility. No one involved with the investigation may take part except as the Code permits. Showing photographs under Annex E is supervised by a sergeant or above.

Does every interview have to be video recorded?

No. Code E requires audio recording of interviews under caution for any summary or indictable offence where an authorised device and suitable location are available, subject to the exceptions in para 2.3. Code F para 2.2 says there is no statutory requirement to make a visual recording, but if the relevant officer decides to make one, Code F must be followed. Interviews under the Terrorism Act 2000 follow a separate code and must be video recorded.

Can police search a house after arrest without a warrant?

Yes, under s.18 PACE for premises occupied or controlled by a person under arrest for an indictable offence, where there are reasonable grounds to suspect evidence of that offence or a connected or similar indictable offence is there. An inspector or above must authorise it in writing, unless s.18(5) applies (search before taking the person to a police station where their presence is necessary for the effective investigation), in which case an inspector must be told as soon as practicable afterwards. Section 32 is different: it covers premises where the person was arrested or was immediately before arrest.

How many PACE questions are in the NIE?

The College does not publish a fixed number per Code. Its subject area breakdown for September 2026 shows 30 of the 70 scored questions came from Part 1 (general principles, powers and procedures), which includes the PACE chapters as well as mens rea, actus reus, court procedure, bail, disclosure and RIPA. The handbook says any part of the syllabus may be examined.

Evidence

Sources and how we checked them

Every factual claim on this page was written from the sources below, read on 11 October 2026. Rules and figures change, so check the source for the date you are reading this. Where we could not confirm something from an official or independent source, the page says so rather than guessing. Spotted something out of date? See our corrections policy.

Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984, legislation.gov.uk (latest revised text) — we read ss.16, 17, 18, 32, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 55, 56, 58, 62 and 63B on 11 October 2026: warrant execution and multiple entries, entry without warrant, search after arrest, reviews, the relevant time and detention limits, intimate searches, delay of rights, intimate samples and drug testing ages (accessed 11 October 2026)
Home Office: PACE codes of practice (current versions list), GOV.UK — page last updated 20 December 2023; lists Code B 2023, Code C 2023, Code D 2023 and Codes E and F 2018 as current (accessed 11 October 2026)
PACE Code B 2023 (searches of premises and seizure of property), GOV.UK PDF — applies to warrant applications and searches after 00:00 on 20 December 2023; we used paras 2.7, 3.4, 4.1 to 4.3, 5.1 to 5.4 and Notes 5A to 5C, 6.1 to 6.11, 7.1 to 7.2 and 8.2 to 8.3 (accessed 11 October 2026)
PACE Code C 2023 (detention, treatment and questioning), GOV.UK PDF — applies to people in police detention after 00:00 on 20 December 2023; we used paras 1.4, 1.5A, 1.7, 2.3, 2.4, 3.1, 3.2, 3.21, 4.1 to 4.3A, 5.1 to 5.3, 6.6, 8.1, 8.6 to 8.8, 9.3, 10.1 to 10.9, 11.1A, 11.1, 11.15, 11.16, 11.18, 12.2, 12.8, 14.1, 14.2, 15.1 to 15.3C, 16.1 to 16.5 and Annexes A, B, C, E and G (accessed 11 October 2026)
PACE Code D 2023 (identification), GOV.UK PDF — applies to procedures after 00:00 on 20 December 2023; we used paras 3.1, 3.1A, 3.2, 3.4, 3.5, 3.11 to 3.16, 3.21 to 3.27 and Annexes A (paras 2 and 9), B (para 9), D, E (paras 1 to 5) and G (accessed 11 October 2026)
PACE Codes E and F 2018 (audio and visual recording of interviews), GOV.UK PDF — applies to interviews after 00:00 on 31 July 2018; we used Code E paras 2.1 to 2.4 and Code F paras 2.1 to 2.4 (accessed 11 October 2026)
College of Policing: NIE candidate handbook 2026 (November 2025), PDF — the syllabus statement (examined only as the law appears in the 2026 Manual), the note that candidates must know PACE Code paragraphs the Manual's text refers to, and Appendix A headings 1.6 to 1.9 (accessed 11 October 2026)
College of Policing: NIE subject area breakdown, September 2026 (PDF) — we use only the part-level count of scored questions; the College says the breakdown does not predict future papers (accessed 11 October 2026)

Related Guides

On this topic elsewhere

NIE Part 1 overview → Mens rea, actus reus, court procedure and bail around the PACE chapters. Disclosure, RIPA and CHIS → What happens to the material your searches and interviews produce. NIE syllabus 2026 → All four parts of the Manual and what is not examined. How to pass the NIE → A study method that works around shifts. Free practice questions → Original questions with answers across all four parts.

National Investigators' Exam

More in this guide series

Hub NIE hub Dates, pass mark, pass rates, syllabus, practice and tools for the National Investigators' Exam. Dates NIE dates Every 2026 sitting, registration windows, results days and what we know about 2027. Exam Pass mark Why 80 questions become 70, the 39 mark, the exceptional grade and what a marginal fail means. Data Pass rates Every published sitting from the College's results overviews, with the caution on comparing forces. Study Syllabus What each part covers, what is not examined, and how the College's own subject breakdown splits the paper. Study How to pass Manual first, questions second, spaced review and full timed sittings, with the arithmetic of 39 out of 70. Plan Revision plan Week-by-week plans weighted to the four parts, including a last-five-weeks plan for 17 November 2026. Exam How hard is it Pass rates, the volume of law, application-style questions and who finds it hardest. After the exam Results day Results dates, the feedback report, what happens next for PIP2 and how long a pass lasts. After the exam If you fail Resit rules, the development meeting after a second fail, and what it means on DHEP and other routes. Exam day Exam day rules The 8am to 8pm window, equipment, what is banned (including AI) and what to do if something goes wrong. Practice Practice questions Original practice questions across all four parts, each with the answer, explanation and source. Topic Disclosure, RIPA, CHIS The CPIA regime and Code of Practice, directed surveillance and covert human intelligence sources. Topic Part 1 Mens rea, actus reus, court procedure, bail and powers: the largest part of the paper. Topic Part 2 Homicide, drugs, firearms, terrorism, assaults, harassment, domestic abuse and child protection. Topic Part 3 Theft, robbery, burglary, handling, fraud, criminal damage and proceeds of crime. Topic Part 4 Consent, the Sexual Offences Act 2003 offences and child sex offences, with worked questions. Study Resources compared Blackstone's books, question banks, courses and apps side by side, with dated prices. Study Which Manual edition The 2026 and 2027 editions, which sitting each covers, and the Workbook and Q&A. Routes Direct entry detectives When you sit it on each route, how the training fits around it, and what a fail means.

Also on PolicePay

Practice and tools

Toolkit NIE toolkit Hundreds of checked practice questions, timed 80-question mocks weighted like the real paper, and progress by part. Free tool Free mini mock A free scored mini mock across all four parts, with a result report. Free tool Revision timetable A free week-by-week timetable to your sitting, weighted to the four parts. Practice Practice questions Free original questions with explanations.

Disclaimer

PolicePay.co.uk is an independent guide. It is not affiliated with, endorsed by or produced by the College of Policing or Oxford University Press (Blackstone's). Exam rules, dates, the syllabus and prices change, so check the College of Policing's current NIE candidate handbook and exam page before you register or buy. Practice material on this site is original and is not real or recalled exam content. Details apply to England and Wales unless stated. Details are as checked on 11 October 2026.

PACE Codes for the National Investigators' Exam